服务器 API:策略和中间件
🌐 Server API: Policies & middlewares
Page summary:就像 Strapi 核心一样,插件也可以有策略和中间件。插件策略在控制器动作之前运行,并返回
true或false来允许或阻止请求。插件中间件在整个请求/响应周期中按顺序运行,并调用next()以继续。将策略和中间件声明为工厂函数的对象,并在路由中通过插件命名空间的名称引用它们。
策略和中间件是插件服务器中拦截请求的两种机制。策略决定请求是否应该继续。中间件决定它如何被处理。
🌐 Policies and middlewares are the two mechanisms for intercepting requests in a plugin server. Policies decide whether a request should proceed. Middlewares shape how it is processed.
在深入了解本页的概念之前,请确保你已经:
🌐 Before diving deeper into the concepts on this page, please ensure you have:
- 创建了一个 Strapi 插件,
- 已阅读并理解了服务器 API的基础知识
决策指南
🌐 Decision guide
在编写任何代码之前,请使用此表选择正确的机制:
🌐 Use this table to pick the right mechanism before writing any code:
| 需求 | 机制 |
|---|---|
| 根据用户角色或状态阻止请求 | 策略 |
| 根据请求内容(body, headers)阻止请求 | 策略 或路由配置中的内联策略 |
| 当条件不满足时返回 403 | 策略 |
| 在多个路由间重用相同访问规则 | 命名 策略(已注册并通过名称引用) |
| 为插件的路由的每个响应添加头信息 | 路由级中间件 |
| 在整个服务器上记录或跟踪每个请求 | 服务器级中间件 (strapi.server.use()) |
在到达控制器之前修改 ctx.query | 路由级中间件 |
| 在多个路由间共享逻辑 | 命名 路由级中间件(已注册并通过名称引用) |
政策
🌐 Policies
策略是一个在给定路由的控制器操作之前运行的函数。它接收请求上下文,评估一个条件,并返回 true 以允许请求,或者返回 false(或抛出异常)以通过 403 响应阻止请求。
🌐 A policy is a function that runs before the controller action for a given route. It receives the request context, evaluates a condition, and returns true to allow the request or false (or throws) to block it with a 403 response.
声明
🌐 Declaration
策略以普通函数的形式导出(不是工厂函数)。每个策略接收以下三个参数:
🌐 Policies are exported as plain functions (not factory functions). Each policy receives the following 3 arguments:
policyContext是 Koa 上下文对象的一个封装。使用它可以访问policyContext.state.user、policyContext.request等。config包含在附加策略时传入的每条路由配置(例如,{ name: 'plugin::my-plugin.hasRole', options: { role: 'editor' } },其中config是每策略的选项对象)。{ strapi }提供对 Strapi 实例的访问。
policyContext.state.user 的确切形状取决于认证上下文(例如,管理员面板认证与用户与权限 / 内容 API 认证)。请将角色查找逻辑调整为适应你的项目。
🌐 The exact shape of policyContext.state.user depends on the authentication context (for example, admin panel authentication vs. Users & Permissions / Content API authentication). Adapt the role lookup logic to your project.
- JavaScript
- TypeScript
'use strict';
const hasRole = require('./has-role');
module.exports = {
hasRole,
};
'use strict';
// Allow the request only if the user has the role specified in the route config
// Usage in route: { name: 'plugin::my-plugin.hasRole', options: { role: 'editor' } }
module.exports = (policyContext, config, { strapi }) => {
const { user } = policyContext.state;
const targetRole = config.role;
if (!user || !targetRole) {
return false;
}
// Supports both `user.role` and `user.roles` shapes depending on auth strategy.
const roles = Array.isArray(user.roles)
? user.roles
: user.role
? [user.role]
: [];
return roles.some((role) => {
if (typeof role === 'string') return role === targetRole;
return role?.code === targetRole || role?.name === targetRole;
});
};
import hasRole from './has-role';
export default {
hasRole,
};
import type { Core } from '@strapi/strapi';
type UserRole = { code?: string; name?: string };
// Allow the request only if the user has the role specified in the route config
// Usage in route: { name: 'plugin::my-plugin.hasRole', options: { role: 'editor' } }
export default (
policyContext: Core.PolicyContext,
config: { role?: string },
{ strapi }: { strapi: Core.Strapi }
) => {
const { user } = policyContext.state;
const targetRole = config?.role;
if (!user || !targetRole) {
return false;
}
// Supports both `user.role` and `user.roles` shapes depending on auth strategy.
const userWithRoles = user as { roles?: UserRole[]; role?: UserRole };
const roles: UserRole[] = Array.isArray(userWithRoles.roles)
? userWithRoles.roles
: userWithRoles.role
? [userWithRoles.role]
: [];
return roles.some((role) => role?.code === targetRole || role?.name === targetRole);
};
在路由中的使用
🌐 Usage in routes
一旦声明,可以使用 plugin::my-plugin.policy-name 命名空间从路由中引用插件策略:
🌐 Once declared, reference a plugin policy from a route using the plugin::my-plugin.policy-name namespace:
- JavaScript
- TypeScript
'use strict';
module.exports = [
{
method: 'GET',
path: '/dashboard',
handler: 'dashboard.find',
config: {
policies: ['plugin::my-plugin.isActive'], // simple reference by namespaced name
},
},
{
method: 'DELETE',
path: '/articles/:id',
handler: 'article.delete',
config: {
policies: [{ name: 'plugin::my-plugin.hasRole', options: { role: 'editor' } }], // with per-route config
},
},
{
method: 'GET',
path: '/public',
handler: 'article.findAll',
config: {
policies: [(policyContext, config, { strapi }) => true], // inline policy, no registration needed
},
},
];
import type { Core } from '@strapi/strapi';
export default [
{
method: 'GET' as const,
path: '/dashboard',
handler: 'dashboard.find',
config: {
policies: ['plugin::my-plugin.isActive'], // simple reference by namespaced name
},
},
{
method: 'DELETE' as const,
path: '/articles/:id',
handler: 'article.delete',
config: {
policies: [{ name: 'plugin::my-plugin.hasRole', options: { role: 'editor' } }], // with per-route config
},
},
{
method: 'GET' as const,
path: '/public',
handler: 'article.findAll',
config: {
policies: [(policyContext: Core.PolicyContext, config: unknown, { strapi }: { strapi: Core.Strapi }) => true], // inline policy, no registration needed
},
},
];
返回 false 会导致 Strapi 发送 403 Forbidden 响应。返回空 (undefined) 被视为允许(允许),而不是阻止。始终明确返回 true 或 false。抛出错误会导致 Strapi 发送 500 响应,除非你抛出 Strapi HTTP 错误类(例如 new errors.PolicyError(...)、new errors.ForbiddenError(...) 或 new errors.UnauthorizedError(...))。
🌐 Returning false causes Strapi to send a 403 Forbidden response. Returning nothing (undefined) is treated as permissive (allowed), not as a block. Always return true or false explicitly. Throwing an error causes Strapi to send a 500 response unless you throw a Strapi HTTP error class (e.g., new errors.PolicyError(...), new errors.ForbiddenError(...), or new errors.UnauthorizedError(...)).
有关包括 GraphQL 支持和 policyContext API 在内的完整政策参考,请参阅 Policies。
🌐 For the full policy reference including GraphQL support and the policyContext API, see Policies.
中间件
🌐 Middlewares
中间件是一个 Koa 风格的函数,用于封装请求/响应周期。与 策略(它们是通过/不通过的守卫)不同,中间件可以在请求到达控制器之前读取和修改请求,并在控制器执行后修改响应。
🌐 A middleware is a Koa-style function that wraps the request/response cycle. Unlike policies (which are pass/fail guards), middlewares can read and modify the request before it reaches the controller, and modify the response after the controller has executed.
插件可以通过两种方式导出中间件:
🌐 Plugins can export middlewares in 2 ways:
- 作为路由级中间件,在服务器入口文件的
middlewares导出中声明,并在路由config.middlewares中引用 - 作为服务器级中间件,通过
strapi.server.use()在register()中直接注册到 Strapi HTTP 服务器上
路由级中间件
🌐 Route-level middlewares
路由级中间件作用于特定路由,并且声明方式类似于策略:作为命名工厂函数的对象,然后在路由配置中引用。
🌐 Route-level middlewares are scoped to a specific route and are declared like policies: as an object of named factory functions, then referenced in the route config.
注意这个两级签名:外层函数接收 (config, { strapi }) 并返回实际的 Koa 中间件 async (ctx, next) => {}。这允许 Strapi 将每条路由的配置传递给该函数。
🌐 Note the two-level signature: the outer function receives (config, { strapi }) and returns the actual Koa middleware async (ctx, next) => {}. This allows Strapi to pass per-route configuration to the function.
middlewares从插件中导出中间件函数,以便在路由配置中引用和重用。strapi.server.use(...)将一个中间件附加到全局服务器管道上。- 中间件的执行是基于请求的:一旦附加到路由或服务器管道,它会在每个匹配的请求中运行。
- JavaScript
- TypeScript
'use strict';
const logRequest = require('./log-request');
module.exports = {
logRequest,
};
'use strict';
module.exports = (config, { strapi }) => async (ctx, next) => {
strapi.log.info(`[my-plugin] ${ctx.method} ${ctx.url}`);
await next();
strapi.log.info(`[my-plugin] → ${ctx.status}`);
};
import logRequest from './log-request';
export default {
logRequest,
};
import type { Core } from '@strapi/strapi';
export default (config: unknown, { strapi }: { strapi: Core.Strapi }) =>
async (ctx: any, next: () => Promise<void>) => {
strapi.log.info(`[my-plugin] ${ctx.method} ${ctx.url}`);
await next();
strapi.log.info(`[my-plugin] → ${ctx.status}`);
};
在路由中使用与策略相同的 plugin::my-plugin.middleware-name 命名空间引用路由级中间件:
🌐 Reference a route-level middleware in a route using the same plugin::my-plugin.middleware-name namespace as policies:
- JavaScript
- TypeScript
'use strict';
module.exports = [
{
method: 'POST',
path: '/articles',
handler: 'article.create',
config: {
middlewares: ['plugin::my-plugin.logRequest'],
},
},
{
method: 'GET',
path: '/articles',
handler: 'article.find',
config: {
middlewares: [
async (ctx, next) => {
// inline middleware, no registration needed
ctx.query.pageSize = ctx.query.pageSize || '10';
await next();
},
],
},
},
];
export default [
{
method: 'POST' as const,
path: '/articles',
handler: 'article.create',
config: {
middlewares: ['plugin::my-plugin.logRequest'],
},
},
{
method: 'GET' as const,
path: '/articles',
handler: 'article.find',
config: {
middlewares: [
async (ctx: any, next: () => Promise<void>) => {
// inline middleware, no registration needed
ctx.query.pageSize = ctx.query.pageSize || '10';
await next();
},
],
},
},
];
服务器级中间件
🌐 Server-level middlewares
服务器级中间件直接注册在 Strapi HTTP 服务器上,并且针对每个请求运行,而不仅仅是插件路由。在 register() 中使用 strapi.server.use() 注册它:
🌐 A server-level middleware is registered on the Strapi HTTP server directly and runs for every request, not just plugin routes. Register it in register() using strapi.server.use():
- JavaScript
- TypeScript
'use strict';
module.exports = ({ strapi }) => {
// Attached to the global server pipeline — runs per matching request
strapi.server.use(async (ctx, next) => {
const start = Date.now();
await next();
const ms = Date.now() - start;
ctx.set('X-Response-Time', `${ms}ms`);
});
};
import type { Core } from '@strapi/strapi';
export default ({ strapi }: { strapi: Core.Strapi }) => {
// Attached to the global server pipeline — runs per matching request
strapi.server.use(async (ctx: any, next: () => Promise<void>) => {
const start = Date.now();
await next();
const ms = Date.now() - start;
ctx.set('X-Response-Time', `${ms}ms`);
});
};
服务器级中间件会影响所有插件和应用本身的所有路由,而不仅仅是你插件的路由。一个抛出异常或从未调用 next() 的服务器级中间件会破坏服务器上的每一个请求,而不仅仅是你插件的端点。当关心的问题仅涉及你插件的端点时,请使用路由级中间件。
🌐 Server-level middlewares affect all routes across all plugins and the application itself, not just your plugin's routes. A server-level middleware that throws or never calls next() will break every request on the server, not just your plugin's endpoints. Use route-level middlewares when the concern is specific to your plugin's endpoints.
对于路由声明,验证接受形状为 { name, options } 的对象条目,用于 policies 和 middlewares(见 services/server/routing.ts)。
🌐 For route declarations, validation accepts object entries shaped as { name, options } for both policies and middlewares (see services/server/routing.ts).
在运行时,一些内部仍然在中间件解析器(services/server/middleware.ts)中引用 { resolve, config } 支持,但标准路由文件中的路由验证不接受该形状。
🌐 At runtime, some internals still reference { resolve, config } support in the middleware resolver (services/server/middleware.ts), but that shape is not accepted by route validation in standard route files.
为了避免验证错误,请在路由配置中使用 { name, options }。
🌐 To avoid validation errors, use { name, options } in route configurations.
最佳实践
🌐 Best practices
- 在策略中使用
policyContext,而不是ctx。 策略的第一个参数是policyContext,它是 Koa 上下文的一个封装。正确使用它可以 确保策略在 REST 和 GraphQL 解析器中都能正常工作。 - 明确地从策略中返回。 返回
undefined的策略被视为允许(允许)的策略。要允许请始终返回true,要拒绝请始终返回false。如果意图是阻止请求,请勿隐式返回。 - 优先使用路由级中间件而非服务器级中间件。 服务器级中间件会在整个 Strapi 服务器的每个请求上运行。除非该行为确实适用于所有流量,否则将中间件范围限制在插件路由上。
- 在中间件中始终调用
await next()。 忘记next()意味着请求链被中断,控制器永远不会执行,导致请求挂起且没有响应。 - 使用
options来实现可重用的策略。 当相同的策略逻辑在不同路由中需要不同的参数(例如,必需的角色名称)时,可以从路由的{ name, options }对象中传递这些参数。这些值会在策略函数的config参数中接收。这可以避免重复类似的策略。